[논문 초록]


19세기말 동아시아는 서구 제국주의의 침략에 부딪치자 서둘러 부국강병을 이루기 위해 서구에 유학생을 파견하여 문명을 배워오거나, 근대적인 개혁과 더불어 적극적으로 서양 문명을 받아들이고자 했다. 한국은 이웃한 일본이나 중국보다 늦게, 비록 일본에 국한되었지만, 개항이후부터 유학생을 파견하기 시작했다. 하지만 한국의 유학정책은 계획적이지 못하고 국내의 정치적인 부침에 따라, 그리고 재정 부족문제로 파견과 중단을 반복하며 파행적으로 이뤄졌다. 결국 1903년 이후 유학생 파견은 중단되고 말았다.

 1904년 10월 러일전쟁이 발발하면서 일제의 한국 침략이 가속화되자, 고종은 교육개혁을 단행하는 한편 칙임관・주임관들로부터 子孫・婿・弟・姪 가운데 16세 이상 25세인 자를 대상으로 추천을 받아, 황실자금을 이용한 관비 일본유학생 50명을 선발, 파견하였다. 이에는 기존 관비유학생으로 유학 중인 4명도 포함되었다. 관비유학생 46명은 경성부립제일중학교에 입학하여 ‘特設 韓國委託生科’에서 일본어를 비롯하여 근대적인 교육을 받게 되었다. 엄격한 군대식 통제와 규율을 적응하지 못한 일부 학생들은 중도 포기하기도 하였다. 그런데 관비유학생들이 견뎌내기 가장 힘들었던 것은 한국이 일본에 외교권을 빼앗겨 보호 통치를 받아야 한다는 현실이었고, 경성부립제일중학교 교장의 한국 유학생 비하발언이었다. 관비유학생들은 동맹휴학으로 자기들의 억눌림과 분노를 표출시켰다. 동맹휴학은 4개월 동안 지속되었고 26명은 복교되었지만 이를 주도하였던 10명은 관비유학생 자격을 박탈당하였다. 을사늑약 이후 식민권력으로 등장한 통감부는 일본 외무성 관리를 통한 관비유학생의 관리 감독을 강화시켜가는 한편, 1907년 3월 ‘학부소관 일본국 유학생 규정’을 만들어 관비유학생 뿐만 아니라 급증하는 사비유학생까지 통제하고자 했다. 이러한 상황 속에서도 한국 유학생들은 일본인들의 한국인에 대한 모멸을 감내하고 저항하면서 민족의식과 배일의식을 형성시켜 나갔다. 한편, 통감부는 관비유학생의 결원이 생기면 보결해야 함에도 불구하고 이를 이행하지 않았다. 동맹휴학으로 말미암아 퇴학 조치된 관비유학생의 결원을 메운 것이 전부였다. 1908년 당시 중등학교의 급증으로 학생들의 진학문제가 사회문제로 번지자, 유학생 규정을 개정하여 시험대상자를 고등보통학교 이상 동등의 학력을 인정받는 학교 출신자들만 지원토록 하였지만, 이를 제대로 실시하지도 않았다. 통감부는 한국을 식민체제로 전환시켜 가는 와중에 고등교육을 받은 한국인을 길러내고 싶지 않았던 것이다. 다만 1909년에 들어 식민체제를 가속화시켜 가는 와중에 관비유학생을 선발하여 고등실업교육을 시키는 정도였다. 1910년 경술국치를 전후로 7, 8년 동안의 유학생활을 마친 관비유학생이 귀국하였지만, 더러는 한국 독립운동에 투신하기도 했지만, 대부분은 식민권력의 하층 지배자로 전락하고 말았다. 결국 한국은 관비유학생을 통한 부국강병을 모색하였지만, 식민지로 전락하면서 스스로 문명화를 이룩하지 못한 채, 그 빛을 바래고 말았다.


As East Asian countries faced the aggression of European imperialism, they sent the students to the European countries and learned Western civilization to enhance national prosperity and defense or tried to actively receive Western civilization together with modern reform. Although the country to send the students was limited to Japan, Korea started to send the students to a foreign country behind Japan or China after the opening of a port. But its policy was not deliberate and sending the students to Japan was performed creepingly according to the domestic political ups and downs and due to a financial crunch. In the end, sending the students abroad stopped after the year of 1903. As Japan's invasion of Korea accelerated with the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War in October, 1904, Gojing carried out the reform of the educational system and selected and sent 50 students among his descendants, niece's husbands, brothers and nephews with the age from 16 to 25 to Japan by the government taking advantage of funds of the Imperial Household. They were recommended by the senior officials. Four existing students sent to Japan by the government were included among them. 46 students by the government entered the First high school established by Kyeongseong Province and received an modern education including the Japanese language at the class for specially trusted Korean students. Some students who were not adapted to the strict regulation and rules of military way gave up studying there halfway. But the most difficult distress that the students couldn't bear was the actual that Korea was robbed of its diplomatic rights by Japan and was under Japanese rule and the school principal's demeaning comments about Korean students. The students revealed their wrath through a strike. The strike lasted for 4 months and 26 students could return to school, however, 10 students who led the strike were deprived of their qualification. The Residency-General which appeared as colonization might after the second Korea-Japan Agreement in 1905 tightened control of the students studying abroad by the government by the management of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan, while it made the regulations on the students studying in Japan under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education and tried to control the students sent abroad by the government as well as the students studying abroad at their own expense who increased rapidly in number. Korean students put up with and resisted disdain of the Japanese in such a situation, and formed their national and anti-Japanese consciousness. In the mean time, in spite that the Residency-General had to fill a vacancy, when a position of the students studying abroad was vacated, it didn't perform it. what it had done was to have filled up vacancies of the students studying in Japan who were expelled from school. As entering a school of higher grade due to the rapid increase of the number of students of a secondary school spread to a social problem, it revised the regulations on the students studying abroad, and therefore only the high school graduates or the higher school graduates as qualified persons can apply for studying abroad, however, it didn't perform the regulations satisfactorily because it didn't want to cultivate a highly educated person during its transforming Korea into a colonial system. During its accelerating the colonial system only in 1909 it selected the students to be sent abroad by government and made them receive industrial education. The students who were sent abroad by the government and finished their study returned home before and after the Japanese annexation of Korea in 1910. Some of them were engaged in an independence movement, however, most of them degenerated into lower government officials of colonization might. In the end, Korea groped for enhancing the national prosperity and defense, however, it degenerated into a colony and couldn't accomplish civilized one by itself, and its plan to enhance national prosperity and defense paled into insignificance.